Thursday 18 December 2014

How to Solve Problems


How to Solve Problems


Would you like to be a problem-solving whizz-kid? So would we all! Although whizz-kid status might be some way off, it is possible to improve your problem-solving capabilities greatly by simply studying and following a few guidelines or ‘heuristics’.
 
Most people have no doubt often thought about how to solve specific problems as they arise, but it seems that few have ever thought seriously about the principles, processes and methods they might use in solving all or most of the problems they have to tackle.

You don't need a Ph.D. to think brilliantly 
 
 Yet such principles and processes do exist, and they are worth examining because if you get them right, they can empower you. Come with me to explore a few of the principles.

 Perceive and define the nature of a problem

An ability to identify and define problems precisely helps any problem-solver to select and structure the mental operations and processes that follow. It affords the person the best tools for tackling and remediating a wide range of problems (disjunctions and incongruities) appearing in the real world.

  • A good starting-point is to have a critical and focused attitude at the outset. This means being open to irregularities and incongruities that might show the presence of a problem. One can then start the process of investigation of the data field to seek the core or ‘locus’ of any problem.
  • One must try to locate and identify specific gaps, disjunctions, incongruities, confusions, inconsistencies and irregularities in phenomena and data. These are what make the problem. One then strives, almost reflexively, to achieve equilibrium via a good solution.
  • Also start with an appropriate mental approach. Avoid emotional states that might interfere with logical thought. Become intensely focused, and avoid disruptive distractions. In short, concentrate! Use objective accuracy and logic that can be re-tested by others, rather than egocentric interpretations of the problem. Be positive and optimistic to ensure motivation and morale.
  • Listen carefully to any verbal instructions or advice, and maintain objective accuracy as you do so. Read any written instructions precisely. Identify good labels and the correct conceptual vocabulary by being very specific and precise with terms and definitions used.
  • Study observed or illustrated (drawn or photographed) evidence carefully. Visualize, simplify and clarify the main requirements of the task. Identify key elements of the problem. Ask; where is the imbalance, gap or irregularity? Understand any model given for comparative or guidance purposes. Define and understand the problem and decide what the outcome should be.
  • Collect and systematize the relevant information, and set aside that which is not sound. Collect further information to help find solutions. Use multiple sources of pertinent evidence. Seek key ‘cues’ and obvious ‘clues’. Seek causes and effects, and especially determine the cause of the problem more accurately.
  • Start to create possible solutions. Create one or more hypotheses for testing “If I do this, then what…” Start to test hypotheses. Use tentative inferences and generalizations.
  • As you work, understand whether you need to converge on a single best solution (convergent thinking) or diverge to a range of options because innovative, fertile and fluent thinking is required (divergent thinking).
  • Usually with big complex projects, you’ll find both approaches essential. Even when you think you’ll need linear thinking where one thought after another follows logically like a long chain, it’s wise to restate your purpose in many different ways, devise several tentative solutions, assemble various resources, and generate creative ideas to extend your range of possibilities.
  • It’s probable that we use the left side of the brain too much in tracking ideas along a deep furrow to one time-worn, best solution. We need always to be alert to wider possibilities and options that can lead to a range of innovative and creative solutions.
  • Use appropriate tools and methods for carrying the work forward. Organize information into meaningful entities that reflect relationships, hierarchies and progressions. Compare spontaneously and frequently as you go. Analyse and deal with fragmented elements in parts, then synthesize into integrated wholes.
  • Create a diagram or model (Venn, diagram, table, continuum) to aid you. Use personal and cultural (external) spatial or time concepts accuracy. Observe the constancy principle where appropriate.
  • If you are stuck, ask an expert; or work in a team if appropriate. Survey the field, and use fresh written resources. Use other, appropriate tools or technology. Perhaps apply a theory and use deduction (general rule to specific instance).
  • Use the scientific method of induction (study specific instances of a phenomenon to create a general rule). Use mathematics if it helps; perhaps use a formula, or use syllogisms in logical reasoning. 
  • Bring the work to a conclusion and stage where implementation is possible. Persist through the tough parts; do not give up easily. Select the best solution from amongst options. Implement a good solution.
  • Verify the solution; reaffirm it. Question prior assumptions about it: be open to perspective change, and redefine if necessary.
  • Continue to avoid egocentric interpretations that dictate a solution you personally want to see, yet which might not be the best. Persist until completion.
  • Communicate the solution accurately and clearly.
Work on other thinking strategies that interest you. Above all; be a thinker.

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